四级语法讲义一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表：1．主动形式2．被动形式CET-4常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。时间状语从句当中的时态：一般过去时所有的过去用一般现在时表示现在和将来现在完成时现在完成和将来完成一．非谓语动词一．不定式：一）不定式的常考形式：1)一般形式：Hedecidedtoworkharderinordertocatchupwiththeothers.被动形式:Hepreferredtobeassignedsomeheavierworktodo.语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生2)完成形式：Hepretendednottohaveseenme.被动形式：Thebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前二）不定式常考的考点：1）不定式做定语----将要发生2）不定式做状语----目的3）不定式充当名词功能---Toseeistobelieve.三)不定式的省略1)感官动词see,watch,observe,notice,lookat,hear,listento,smell,taste,feel+do表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing表示动作的连续性，进行性Isawhimworkinthegardenyesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实)Isawhimworkinginthegardenyesterday.---本文来源于网络，仅供参考，勿照抄，如有侵权请联系删除---过去现在将来过去将来一般diddowill/shalldoshould/woulddo进行was/weredoingam/is/aredoingwill/shallbedoing/完成haddonehave/hasdonewill/shallhavedoneshould/wouldhavedone用于虚拟语气完成进行hadbeendoinghave/hasbeendoing//过去现在将来过去将来一般was/weregivenam/is/aregivenwill/shallbegivenshould/wouldbegiven进行was/werebeinggivenam/is/arebeinggiven//完成hadbeengivenhave/hasbeengivenwill/shallhavebeengivenshould/wouldhavebeengiven完成进行///昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：Thecaketastesgood;Itfeelscomfortable.2)使役动词havebidmakelet等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原toI‘dliketohaveJohndoit.Ihavemypackageweighed.Pauldoesn’thavetobemadetolearn.3)helphelpsbdohelpsbtodohelpdohelptodo四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expectallowsbtodo,causesbtodo,permitsbtodo,enablesbtodoforcesbtodo.bemorelikelytodolovetodowarnsbtodobeabletodobeambitioustodo.begintodo.starttodo五)有的时候to后面要接-ing形式accustom(oneself)to;beaccustomedto;faceupto;inadditionto;lookforwardto;objectto;bereducedto;resignoneselfto;beresignedto委任;resortto;sinkto;beusedto;bealternativeto;beclose/closenessto;bededication/dedicatedto;beopposition/opposedto;besimilarity/similarto.三、need/want后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。Heneeds(alotof)encouraging.二.动名词：具有动作性特征的名词1)是名词seeingisbelieving2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语starvingtroopsisnecessary.一)动名词的形式:一般形式：Idon'tlikeyousmoking.完成形式：Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.被动形式：Thisquestionisfarfrombeingsettled.二)动名词常考的点1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.Iwouldappreciate_______backthisafternoon．A．youtocallB．youcallC．youcallingD．you'recalling（Key：Cyourcalling也对）Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.4)有些词后只能接动名词admit;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate;defer;delay;deny;detest;discontinue;dislike;dispute;enjoy;itentails;escape;excuse;explain;fancy;feellike;finish;forgive;can'thelp;hinder;imagine;itinvolves;keep;itmeans;mention;mind;miss;itnecessitates;pardon;postpone;practice;prevent;recall;report;resent;resist;risk;sugges...