第1课中国的对外贸易ChinaintheMarketPlace市场经济中的中国一、（Excerpts）（摘录）BarryCoulthurstexaminesthedevelopmentofChina’stradepolicyandthepresentstateoftheoverseaslinks巴里库尔塞斯特对中国贸易政策的演变和当前与海外经济往来状况的研究ThepatternofChina’sforeigntradehaschangedsubstantiallysincethefoundingofthePeople’sRepublic.Duringthe1950sChinaexportedagriculturalproductstotheUSSRandEastEuropeancountriesinreturnformanufacturedgoodsandthecapitalequipmentrequiredforthecountry’sindustrialisationprogrammewhichplacedemphasisonthedevelopmentofheavyindustry.TheGreatLeapForwardof1958-1959initiallyproducedgainsinagriculturalandindustrialproduction,butsubsequentlyresultedinseriouseconomicimbalances.Economicproblemswereexacerbatedbythreebadharvests(1959-1961)withtheresultthatnationalincomeandthevolumeofforeigntradecontractedduring1960-1962.自从中华人民共和国成立以来，中国对外贸易的模式发生了巨大的变化。20世纪50年代，中国向苏联和东欧国家出口农产品换取制造品和资本设备，用于侧重于重工业发展所必须的工业化项目。1958~1959年的“大跃进”最初在工农业生产上带来收益，但随后又导致了严重的经济平衡。三年自然灾害(1959-1961)加剧了经济问题，造成1960-1962年间的国民收入和对外贸易额的减少。ThewithdrawalofSovieteconomicandtechnicalaidintheearly-1960scausedtradetoshiftawayfromtheUSSRanditsComeconpartnerstowardsJapanandWesternEurope.AconsistentthemeofChina’sforeigntradepolicieshasbeenthestrongemphasiswhichhasbeenplacedondevelopingtraderelationswiththeThirdWorldcountries.20世纪60年代，苏联经济和技术援助撤走，导致了中国与苏联及经互会成员国的贸易转向于日本和西欧国家的贸易。中国对外贸易政策的一贯宗旨是重视与第三世界国家发展贸易关系。ThegrowthofforeigntradewasdisruptedagainduringtheCulturalRevolution(1966-1976)whenagriculturalandindustrialproductionfellsharplyandtransportationconstraints限制becamemoreserious.“文化大革命”期间（1966-1976）工农业生产一落千丈，交通运输限制更加严重，中国对外贸易的增长再次中断。Foreigntrade,whichhasamajorroleintheFourModernizationsprogramme,hasgrownrapidlyoverthepastfewyears.AmajortradeagreementwithJapan,underwhichChinaexportscoalandoilinreturnforindustrialequipmentandtechnologywassignedinFebruary1978.Chinaalsosignedalong-termtradeagreementwiththeEECin1978whiletradewiththeUSAhasincreasedrapidlyinthewakeof继什么之后thenormalizationofdiplomaticrelationsatthebeginningof1979.TheSino-USAagreementontraderelations,whichcameintoforce（解释：施行）inFebruary1980,accords授予Chinamost-favourednationtreatment.（最惠国待遇）在实现四个现代化中起着很大作用的对外贸易在近几年发展很快。1978年2月于日本签订了一个主要贸易协定，根据这个协定，中国向日本出口煤和石油换---本文于网络，仅供参考，勿照抄，如有侵权请联系删除---取工业设备和技术。1978年中国也与欧共体签订了长期贸易协定，继1979年初与美国的外交关系正常化以后，中美贸易发展迅速。美国遵照1980年1月25日生效的中美贸易关系协定给与中国最惠国待遇。Breakdown分类AcommoditybreakdownofChina’stradeshowsthatfuels（燃料）accountedfor24percentoftotalexportsin1982,foodproductsfor13percent,textilefibresandmineraloresfor7percentandmanufacturedgoods(themostimportantproductsweretextiles,chemicalsandmachineryandtransportequipment)for55percent.SincethefoundingofthePeople’sRepublic，strongemphasishasbeenplacedonimportingcapitalequipmentinordertostrengthentheindustrialsector.Buttheleadingcategoriesofimportsin1982werefood,whichaccountedfor22...