中国的调解制度（英）MediationSystemDefinitionandTypesofMediation1.DefinitionMediationisaneffortbyathirdpartytoencouragepartiestoadisputetovoluntarilyreachanagreementtoresolvetheirdispute.2.TypesofMediationTherearecurrentlyfourtypesofmediationpracticesinChina:Civilmediation:MediationbyPeople’sMediationCommitteesoutsidethecourt.Judicialmediation:Mediationbyacourtoflawincivilandeconomicdisputesandminorcriminalcasesinsidethecourt.Formaritalcases,inside-courtmediationisanecessaryprocedure.Whetherornottoseekjudicialmediationisforlitigantstodecide.Mediationisnotanecessaryprocedure.Acourt’smediationdocumentisasvalidasitsverdict.Administrativemediation:Thiscanbeoutside-the-courtmediationbygrassrootsgovernmentssuchasatownshipgovernmentinordinarycivildisputes,oroutside-the-courtmediationbygovernmentdepartmentsincompliancewithlegalprovisionsinspecificcivildisputes,economicdisputesorlabordisputes.Arbitrationmediation:Mediationbyarbitrationbodiesinarbitrationcases.Arbitrationiscalledupononlyifmediationfailstoresolvethedifferences.Thisisalsoanoutside-the-courtmediation.CivilMediation1.Nature,MissionandPrinciplesThissystemoriginatedinancientChinaandtookshapeinthe1930swhenChinawaslockedinawaragainstJapaneseaggression.Itwasformalizedintheearly1950swhenthePeople’sRepublicwasfounded.a）Nature111oftheConstitutionofthePeople’sRepublicofChinastates,People’sMediationCommitteesareaworkingcommitteeundergrassrootsautonomousorganizations-ResidentsCommittee,VillagersCommittee-whosemissionistomediatecivildisputes.Essentially,thesecommitteesareasupplementtothejudicialsystem,anautonomousarrangementforcitizenstoresolvetheirowndisputes.ItisalegalpracticewithChinesecharacteristics.b）Mission5oftheRegulationsfortheOrganizationofPeople’sMediationCommitteesstates,ThemissionofPeople’sMediationCommitteesistomediatecivildisputesand,throughsuchmediation,publicizelaws,regulations,rulesandpoliciesandeducatecitizenstoabidebylawsandrespectuniversallyacceptedmorals.c）BasicprinciplesReasonableandlegal;Voluntary,equal;Respectfortherighttosue.2.FormofOrganizationa）People’sMediationCommitteeTheConstitutionandlawsprovidethatthePeople’sMediationCommitteesarenon-governmentalorganizationsunderVillagersCommitteesandResidentsCommitteeformediatingcivildisputes.Theyoperateundertheguidanceofgrassrootsgovernmentandcourts.b）People’sMediatorsAccordingtolaw,People’sMediatorsshouldhavethefollowingqualifications:Impartiality;Closetothepeople;Enthusiasticaboutmediation;Knowledgeableaboutlegalandpolicyissues;Beadultcitizensc）JudicialAssistantsAccordingtotheRegulationsfortheOrganizationofPeople’sMediationCommittees,People’sMediationCommitteesworkundertheguidanceofgrassrootsgovernmentsandcourts.Grassrootsgovernmentsaresetupatthetownshiplevel.JudicialassistantsareresponsibleforhelpingPeople’sMediationCommitteesintheirmediationwork.Grassrootscourtssupervisemediationcommitteesthroughtheirtribunals.Theyinvitemembersofthecommitteetoparticipateincourt-mediatedcases,audittrials,helpanalyzecasesandexchangeexperiences.3.Proceduresa）MediationproceduresAcceptadispute;Prepareformediation;Mediation;Reachagreement;Closeofmediationb）WaysofmediationMediationcanbedirect,open,commonorjoint.Mediationtechniquesincluderole-modeling,reasoningandresorttolaPeople’sMediationCommitteesshouldnotjustpassivelymediatedisputes;rather,theyshouldacti...