改革的背景中国一一改革之前出现了土地兼并狂潮(ThebackgroundofthereformChina,thelandannexationspreeappearedbeforethereform)ReforminChinaandtheWest一class1,一-11history,westernarts,---------031,thebackgroundofreform:Chinesereformappearedbeforetheannexationoflandinthena-tionallandfrenzy,with8million500thousandAres,andtoTaka-muneIliro激in15yearswasreducedto4million230thousandhectares,adecreaseof50%ormore(bya〃comp订ed〃volume187)・Becausetheemperorandthenobility,thegovernmentlandtaxex-emption,so"'unlimitedexpansion,GuanTianleddirectlytona-tionaltaxrevenue・Inadditiontolandlordscollusionbetweenof-ficials,abuseoftaxreductionshouldbefreeofexcessiveFu,re-sultingintheTreasurydeficit,causingseriousfinancialcrisis・Inordertopassthecrisisandtheinevitableincreasingoffarm-ersheavydogsbodies,thishascausedalargenumberofbankruptfarmersdisplacedrefugeesfleeingabandonedindustry,theoutbreakoftheuprising,theformationofgrowingsocialcrisis・Atthesametime,theinternalcorruptionoftheauthoritariansystem,thecorruptionoftherulingclique,causedthestatemachinerytofunctionoutoforder・ZhangJuzheng(1525-1582years)in1572servedascabinetminister(PrimeMinister),thentheGodWanliem-peror,justateenager・Generallyspeaking,themaincontradictioninChinesesocietyinthesixteenthCenturywasthecontradictionbetweenthefeudalstateandthebroadmassesofpeasants・WesternEuropeancountries一一withthedevelopmentofcapitalist---本文来源于网络，仅供参考，勿照抄，如有侵权请联系删除---production,theemergingbourgeoisieofthefeudalautocracyandcorruptionofthearroganceofthechurchformedapowerfulforceagainst・InthewesternsocietyofthesixteenthCentury,themaincontradictionwasthecontradictionbetweenthenewbourgeoisieandthefeudalchurch.AtthattimeEurope,theholyseeinRome,wastheinternationalcenteroftheCatholicChurch,andthePopewastheSupremeleader・Likethesecularsociety,theCatholicChurchhasitsownarmedforces,courts,administrativeandfinancialin-stitutions,andthroughwhichtheleadersofvariouscountriescon-trolandinterfereintheinternalaffairsofeachcountry.EveryyeartoservetheChurchofRomeatribute,stillcannotfillthegreedofthechurchinRome・DuringthereignofInnocentVIII(1484-1492),morethan6thousandofthe60thousandinhabitantsofthecityofRome,wherethePopewasbased,wereprostitutesserv-ingthechurch，srulers.TheWesternEuropechurchisrifewithcorruption1ewdwind,manyconventsactuallybecametheclergyandnobilityofthebrothel.Inordertomeettheneedsoftheluxuryofthechurch,takepolicytocollectextortexcessivetaxesandlevies,interestrates,sellingchurchposition,issued"indul-gences"andsoontocrazymoney.Therefore,theemergingbour-geoisiein，zLia.n激anchurch"forthecall,litthetorchofre-ligiousreform・2,thecharacteristicsofreform:Chinese--ZhangJuzhengmadeitclearthatthepurposeofthere-formisto"respectforsovereignty,classofficialduty,aletterPunishmentAct";reformpolicyis"strongpublicprivateroom,Dudoor〃・Itsessenceistoconcentratethepoliticalpoweronthecountry,concentratetheeconomicrightsandinterestsonthegov-ernment,andtoquellthefiercesocialcontradictionsbystrength----本文来源于网络，仅供参考，勿照抄，如有侵权请联系删除---eningthecentralizedruleoffeudalautocracy・Includingthemainformofitsreform:theadministrativeaspectsoftheimplementa-tionof"testmethod",officialsatalllevelsofsupervisionandexaminationworkperformanceandtheabilitytousecompetitivepersonnelpoliciestoimprovetheeff...