TEXT80Saltytales咸话地中海(陈继龙编译)Nov16th2006FromTheEconomistprinteditionJOHNJULIUSNORWICHistheauthorofmorethanadozenbooksonNormanSicily①,theSahara,MountAthos②andtheVenetianandByzantineempires.(1)Yetevenhisimmenseknowledgeisnotenoughtokeephislatestchronicle—of5,000yearsofMediterraneanhistory—fromappearingsomewhatlopsided[1].约翰•朱利叶斯•诺威奇撰写过不少关于诺尔曼-西西里岛、撒哈拉沙漠、阿陀斯山以及威尼斯和拜占庭帝国的作品。然而,尽管知识渊博,他最近一部记述地中海沿岸五千年历史的编年体著作仍免不了有失偏颇。LordNorwich'sfirsttest,henotesinhisintroductionto“TheMiddleSea”,wastocompensateforanignoranceofSpain.Herecordsthathewasfortuitouslyinvitedtodinnerby“mydearfriend”theSpanishambassadortoLondonand“afewweekslatertherecameaninvitationformywifeandmetospendtendaysinSpain.”(2)Itishardtobelievethatwasalltheefforthemade,forheacquitshimselfwell,evenintheconvoluted[2]diplomacythatendedinthewaroftheSpanishsuccession.诺威奇勋爵在《中央之海》一书序言中指出,他的首要任务就是让人们了解西班牙的一些不为人知之处。书中写道,他幸运地被他“亲爱的朋友”——西班牙驻伦敦大使邀请参加晚宴,并“在几个星期之后收到了邀请他及其夫人到西班牙度假十天的请柬”。人们难以相信这就是他所作的全部努力,因为他表现出色,尤其是在美西错综复杂的外交斡旋中表现优异,不过双方的外交在西班牙王位继承战后中止。LordNorwich'ssecondtaskwastostrikeabalanceovertime.“TheMiddleSea”reachesfromancientEgypttothefirstworldwar.Likemanylong,chronologicalnarratives,itbecomesprogressivelymoredetailed,thoughitisdebatablewhetherthisisagoodthing.(3)FewpeoplehavechangedtheregionasmuchastheRomans,yettheirrepublic'sfivecenturiesgetonlyapagemorethanthegreatsiegeofGibraltarwhichbeganin1779.诺威奇勋爵要做的第二件事则是对各时期的史实都等量齐观。《中央之海》的触角从古埃及一直延伸到第一次世界大战。如同许多长篇编年体叙事性作品一样,它注重挖掘细节,不过这是否可取尚有争议。罗马人民对该地区产生的影响没有哪个民族能与之相比,然而本书关于罗马共和国五个世纪的历史的记述也就比始于1977年的直布罗陀包围战多了一页而已。(4)LordNorwich'sfinal,andarguablymostimportant,challengeistheareathatismostlikelytoengagemodernreaders:theintermittent,butfrequentlysavage,conflictbetweenMuslimsandChristians.Impatientwiththenotion,echoedmostrecentlyanddisastrouslybyPopeBenedict,thattheKoransanctionsthespreadingofIslambythesword,LordNorwichisnoIslamophobe.HeishostiletotheCrusadesandfulsome[3]inhispraiseofthattraditionalWesternschoolbookvillain,Saladin③.诺威奇勋爵最后需要面对的最为重要的问题是,如何评述穆斯林与基督教徒之间间或发生但常常十分残酷的冲突,而这方面的内容可能对现代读者最具吸引力。有人认为,古兰经是允许伊斯兰教进行武力扩张的,可悲的是,最近本笃教皇也附和了这一观点。诺威奇对这种观点很反感,他并没有“伊斯兰恐惧症”。他愤恨十字军东征,不过对西方传统教科书中的反面角色萨拉丁的赞美却又言过其实了。YethisaccountremainsdisappointinglyfocusedfromChristendom[4]outwards.(5)ItistruethatMuslimsdoappearinhisbook—usuallyinbattle—buttheyrarelyspeak.Onlytwoitemsinthe170-volumebibliographyarebyArabscholarsandonlyoneisbyaTurk.Thisisunabashedlyhistoryoftheoldschool:Eurocentric(Octavian④,theauthordeclareswithoutirony,wasthe“undisputedmasteroftheknownworld”)andlargelyuninterestedinwhatothereconomic,socialandtechnologicalchangesmayhaveshapedevents.然而令人失望的是,他依旧站在基督教的角度来记述历史。穆斯林在他的书中的确登场亮相了——往往都是在战争之中——但他却...