解读剑桥雅思试卷开发流程（下）PretestReview:先期测试评估TheValidationUnitatCambridgeESOLcollatesandanalysesthepretestmaterial.ListeningandReadingpretestsAllcandidateresponsesareanalysedtoestablishthetechnicalmeasurementcharacteristicsofthematerial,i.e.tofindouthowdifficulttheitemsare,andhowtheydistinguishbetweenstrongerandweakercandidates.Bothclassicalitemstatisticsandlatenttraitmodelsareusedinordertoevaluatetheeffectivenessofthematerial.Classicalitemstatisticsareusedtoidentifytheperformanceofaparticularpretestintermsofthefacilityanddiscriminationoftheitemsinrelationtothesamplethatwasused.RaschanalysisisusedtolocateitemsontheIELTScommonscaleofdifficulty.Inaddition,thecommentsonthematerialbythestaffatpretestcentresandtheimmediateresponseofthepretestcandidatesaretakenintoaccount.Atapretestreviewmeeting,thestatistics,feedbackfromcandidatesandteachersandanyadditionalinformationarereviewedandinformeddecisionsaremadeonwhethertextsanditemscanbeacceptedforconstructionintopotentialliveversions.Materialisthenstoredinanitembanktoawaittestconstruction.WritingandSpeakingpretestsSeparatebatchesofWritingpretestscriptsaremarkedbyIELTSPrincipalExaminersandAssistantPrincipalExaminers.Atleasttworeportsonthetaskperformanceanditssuitabilityforinclusioninliveversionsareproduced.Onthebasisofthesereports,tasksmaybebankedforliveuse,amendedandsentforfurtherpretestingorrejected.FeedbackonthetriallingoftheSpeakingtasksisreviewedbyexperiencedexaminers,whodeliverthetriallingtasks,andmembersoftheitemwritingteamwhoarepresentatthetriallingsessions.ThesubsequentreportsarethenassessedbythepaperchairandCambridgeESOLstaff.解读：在进行先期测试采集分析数据的基础上，剑桥考试委员会试题复核小组(ValidationUnit)将汇总各项测试数据进行分析。所有考生的回答都将进行分析以确认试题的技术特征——也即试题的难度及区分度——而这将用到一系列专业的数据分析统计方法和工具。通过验证的试题则将被收入题库，用于将来正式的考试。BankingofMaterial:试题入库CambridgeESOLhasdevelopeditsownitembankingsoftwareformanagingthedevelopmentofnewlivetests.Eachsectionortaskisbankedwithstatisticalinformationaswellascomprehensivecontentdescription.Thisinformationisusedtoensurethattheteststhatareconstructedhavetherequiredcontentcoverageandtheappropriatelevelofdifficulty.解读：剑桥大学考试委员拥有自己专门的题库软件用于管理新的试卷生成。每个考试项目在题库中都备注有详细的内容说明及统计分析信息，用以确保所生成的题目在涉及的内容和难度水平上符合要求。StandardsFixingConstruction:评分标准校正Standardsfixingensuresthatthereisadirectlinkbetweenthestandardofestablishedandnewversionsbeforetheyarereleasedforuseattestcentresaroundtheworld.Differentversionsofthetestallreportresultsonthesameunderlyingscale,butbandscoresdonotalwayscorrespondtothesamepercentageofitemscorrectoneverytestform.Beforeanytesttaskisusedtomakeimportantdecisions,wemustfirstestablishhowmanycorrectanswersoneachListeningorReadingtestequatetoeachofthenineIELTSbands.Thisensuresthatbandscoresoneachtestindicatethesamemeasureofability.解读：新的现场考试题目生成并全球发布之前，评分标准校正环节的存在确保了新的考试与已经进行过的考试之间在评分标准上有着直接联系。由于每次不同的考试的结果都同样反映在雅思考试的9分制评分体系上，评分标准校正环节确保了每次考试虽然分数段对应的正确率不一定相同，但同样的总分能够反映出同样的能力。LiveTestConstructionandGrading:生成现场测试LiveTestRelease:发布现场测试Atregulartestcon...