网络新闻传播概论试题|远程作业1（2021）一、名词解释1、网络中立（NetNeutrality）2、意见领袖3、数字化身二、简答题1、请介绍算法推送在新闻行业运用的现状，并分析这一新技术是否会带来“信息茧房”。（600字以内）2、数字化社会研究领域具有影响力的学者范戴克（JosévanDijck）提出“平台社会”（platformsociety）的概念来理解我们当下所处的信息环境。请阅读以下节选段落，并选择某一个角度、结合自己的生活经历，归纳和阐述你对“平台社会”的理解。Intheintroduction,wedefinedaplatformasaprogrammablearchitecturedesignedtoorganizeinteractionsbetweenusers.Manypeoplethinkofplatformssimplyastechnologicaltoolsthatallowthemtodothingsonline:chatting,sharing,commenting,dating,searching,buyingstuff,listeningtomusic,watchingvideos,hailingacab,andsoon.Buttheseonlineactivitieshideasystemwhoselogicandlogisticsareaboutmorethanfacilitating:theyactuallyshapethewayweliveandhowsocietyisorganized(Gehl2011).Nowletusfirstlookmorecloselyattheelementsthatconstructasingleplatform’sanatomy:aplatformisfueledbydata,automatedandorganizedthroughalgorithmsandinterfaces,formalizedthroughownershiprelationsdrivenbybusinessmodels,andgovernedthroughuseragreements.Wewillzoominoneachofthesetechnical,economic,andsociolegalelementstoexplainthenatureoftheirgovernancepower,beforeweexploretheirmechanismsandeffectsinthenextchapter.Platformsautomaticallycollectlargeamountsofdata—bothcontentdataanduserdata(Driscoll2012;Mayer-SchönbergerandCukier2013;Turow2012;VanDijck,2014).Thecollectionofdataisenabledandshapedbyhardwareandsoftware;devicespeopleusetoaccessplatformservicesoftencomeequippedwithsoftwareandappsthatcanautomaticallycollectdata.Witheachmouseclickandcursormovementuserdataaregenerated,stored,automaticallyanalyzed,andprocessed—notjustInternetprotocoladdressesandgeolocationsbutdetailedinformationaboutinterests,preferences,andtastes.LargequantitiesofdataarealsocollectedacrosstheWebthroughtheimplementationof“socialbuttons”and“pixels”(Facebook,Twitter,LinkedIn,Instagram,YouTube,orGoogle+)onwebsites(GerlitzandHelmond2013).Dataprovidethefuelforagrowingconnectivitybetweenplatforms.Bymeansofapplicationprogramminginterfaces(APIs),platforms,subsequently,offerthirdpartiescontrolledaccesstotheirplatformdata,givingthemdetailedinsightsintouserbehaviorandmetrics—informationonwhichtheycanbuildnewapplicationsorplatforms(Helmond2015;Langloisetal.2009;Zittrain2008).5SinceeBaylaunchedthefirstopenAPIintheyear2000,itsubiquitousemploymenthasarguablytransformedtheWebintoadata-driven,platform-basedecosystem.Algorithmsareanothersignificanttechnologicalingredientdefiningtheconnectivearchitectureofplatforms;theyaresetsofautomatedinstructionstotransforminputdataintoadesiredoutput(Gillespie2014;Pasquale2015).Forinstance,Google’sPageRankalgorithmsdefinetherelevanceofawebpagebycalculatingthenumberandqualityofhyperlinkstothispage.AndFacebook’sNewsFeedalgorithmsdeterminethecontentyouwillbeexposedto,calculatedonthebasisoftheonlineactivitiesof“friends”and“friendsoffriends”(Bucher2012).Platformsusealgorithmstoautomaticallyfilterenormousamountsofcontentandconnectuserstocontent,services,andadvertisements.Althoughplatformownersmayliftaveilonhowtheiralgorithmswork,theyareoftenwell-kepttradesecretsandareeverythingbuttransparent.Moreover,algorithmshavebecomeincreasinglycomplexandaresubjecttoconstanttweaking.Shiftingthefocusfromtechnologicaltoeconomicrelations,two...