中文3257字本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：ServicesPolicyReformandEconomicGrowthinTransitionEconomies出处：TheKielInstitute作者：FelixEschenbachandBernardHoekman原文：ServicesPolicyReformandEconomicGrowthTransitionEconomiesFelixEschenbachandBernardHoekmanAbstractMajorchangeshaveoccurredinthestructureofformercentrallyplannedeconomies,includingasharpriseintheshareofservicesinGDP,employment,andinternationaltransactions.However,largedifferencesexistacrosstransitioneconomieswithrespecttoservicesintensityandservicespolicyreforms.Wefindthatreformsinpoliciestowardfinancialandinfrastructureservices,includingtelecommunications,power,andtransport,arehighlycorrelatedwithinwardFDI.Controllingforregressorscommonlyusedinthegrowthliterature,wefindthatmeasuresofservicespolicyreformarestatisticallysignificantexplanatoryvariablesforthepost-1990economicperformanceoftransitioneconomies.Thesefindingssuggestservicespoliciesshouldbeconsideredmoregenerallyinempiricalanalysesofeconomicgrowth.1.IntroductionOneofthestylizedfactsofeconomicdevelopmentisthattheshareofservicesinGDPandemploymentrisesaspercapitaincomesincrease(FrancoisandReinert1996).Thisreflectsincreasingspecializationandexchangeofservicesthroughthemarket(“outsourcing〞)—withanassociatedincreaseinvarietyandqualitythatmayraiseproductivityoffirmsandwelfareoffinalconsumers,inturnincreasingdemandforservices.Italsoreflectsthelimitedscopefor(labor)productivityinprovisionofsomeservices,implyingthatovertimethe(real)costsoftheseserviceswillriserelativetomerchandize,aswilltheirshareofemployment(Baumol1967;Fuchs1968).Servicesareincreasinglybecomingtradableasaresultofthegreatermobilityofpeopleandtechnologicalchange.Thisfurtherincreasesthescopeforspecializationinproductionandtrade.Thecompetitivenessoffirmsbothdomesticenterprisesoperatingonthelocalmarketandexportersoninternationalmarkets—dependsimportantlyontheavailability,cost,andqualityofproducerservicessuchasfinance,transport,andtelecommunicatesations.Servicesindustriesweregenerallyneglectedundercentralplanning.Marxistthinkingemphasizedtheimportanceoftangible(material)inputsasdeterminantsofeconomicdevelopment,andclassifiedemploymentintheservicessectorasunproductive.Thelackofproducerserviceswasreflectedintransportbottlenecks,queuingforandlowqualityoftelecommunications,theabsenceofefficientfinancialintermediation,andmuchloweremploymentinservicesthanwasthecaseinOECDcountries(lessthan1percentofthelaborforcewasemployedinfinanceandinsurance).Manyoftheservicesthatarecriticaltothefunctioningofamarketeconomysimplydidnotexist—notjustafinancialsectorthatcouldallocateinvestmentfundsefficiently,butalsodesign,advertising,packaging,distribution,logistics,management,aftersalesservices,etc.2.ShiftsintheStructureofServicesinTransitionEconomiesTheshareofservicesinGDPandemploymenthasgrownsignificantlysince1990inalmostalltransitioneconomies.ComparedtothehighincomeOECDaveragein1990whentheshareofservicesinemploymentandGDPwasaround63percenttransitioncountriesinEuropeandCentralAsia(ECA)laggedfarbehind:servicesaccountedfor30–40percentofGDPandemployment.Asof2003,servicesshareshadincreasedsubstantially.ThegreatestgrowthisobservedintheBalticStates,whichhavealmostconvergedontheOECDaverageof68percentintermsofGDPshares,althoughemploymentsharesremainlower(Figure1).TheCentralandEasternEuropean(CEE)countriesthataccededtotheEUin2...