TEXT82Proton马来西亚宝腾汽车Aforkintheroad何去何从?(陈继龙编译)Nov30th2006|HONGKONGFromTheEconomistprinteditionMalaysia'scrisis-riddennationalcarmakerfacesastarkchoice危机重重的马来西亚国有汽车制造商面临严峻抉择。WHATwillbecomeofProton,Malaysia'sstrugglingcarmaker?(1)Apoliticalprojectsetupinthe1980s,itneverpickedupspeed,hasbeenovertakenbyforeigncompetitorsandhasbecomeembroiled[1]inastruggleoveritsfuturedirection.Withitscashreservesrunninglow,itisnowindangerofbreakingdownaltogether.Thegovernment,whichhopestoplacethecompanywitha“strategicpartner”bynextFebruary,simplywantstoextricate[2]itselffromthemesswiththeminimumofhumiliation.Whichrouteitwilltakeisthesubjectoffeverishspeculation.苦苦挣扎的马来西亚汽车制造商宝腾将会怎样呢?建于上世纪八十年代的宝腾是政府扶植的一个汽车项目,发展一直比较迟缓,已经被外国竞争对手赶超,如今开始艰难地寻找未来的出路。由于现金储备不断走低,它已濒临彻底崩溃。马来西亚政府希望在明年2月前为该公司找到一个“战略伙伴”,它现在只想在尽可能保全颜面的同时脱离窘境。关于它将何去何从已经成为当下热议的话题。Protonwassetupbythegovernmentin1983andstartedbuildingcarstwoyearslaterinassociationwithMitsubishiofJapan.ItwasacentralpartofthestrategylaidoutbyMahathirMohamad,theprimeministeratthetime,totransformMalaysiaintoanindustrialisednationby2020.(2)Theideawasthatabigcarmakerwouldcreatejobs,provideaccesstotechnologies,bringinexportearningsandspawnahostofsupportingindustries.ButProtonnevergotbig.Althoughitoncehad65%ofthelocalmarket,outputneverroseabove227,000carsayearandexportsneverexceeded20,000unitsannually.Inanindustrydominatedbyahandfulofglobalgiants,eachproducing3m-6mcarsayear,Protonremainsaminnow[3].宝腾由马来西亚政府于1983年组建成立,两年后开始与日本三菱公司合作生产汽车。它是时任马来西亚总理的马哈蒂尔·默哈曼德战略部署(即到2020年将马来西亚建设成为一个工业化国家)的一个重要组成部分。在马来西亚政府看来,一个“大”型的汽车制造公司可以创造就业、引进技术、出口创汇以及造就诸多配套产业。可是宝腾一直都没有变“大”。虽然它曾一度占有当地市场65%的份额,但其年产量始终未曾超过22.7万辆,年出口量也都在2万辆以下。在一个由少数年产300~600万辆汽车的全球巨头占主导地位的产业领域内,宝腾依然是个“小不点”。(3)Yetithasrefusedtoscaledown[4]itsambitions.Protonhasbuiltfactoriescapableofchurningout[5]1mcarsayearandhaslaunchedarangeofmodels.Butqualityispoorandlowvolumesmeanitisnotabletocompeteoncost.EvenlocalconsumershavebecomefedupwithProton'scars,withtheirsharplydecliningsecond-handvalues.Theyhaveswitchedloyaltiestowhatwasoncethesecondnationalcarmaker,Perodua,whichisnowcontrolledandverycompetentlyrunbyJapan'sDaihatsu,partofToyota.Proton'smarketshareinMalaysiahasfallensteadilyinthepastfewyearsandisnowjust31%.然而,它并不愿善罢甘休。宝腾已经建成了每年总产100万辆汽车的多个工厂,并推出了多种汽车款式。但质量差且销量少意味着它在价格上并不具备竞争力,就连当地消费者也逐渐对宝腾汽车产生了不满情绪,原因就是二手宝腾车贬值过快。他们已经“移情别恋”到Perodua身上。Perodua曾是全国第二大汽车制造商,现归属于日本丰田旗下的大发,运营十分顺畅。过去几年来,宝腾在马来西亚的市场占有率已逐步降低,目前仅为31%。ThecrisishasintensifiedinrecentweeksbecauseProton'scashisrunningout.In2003ithad3.8billionringgit[6]($1.1billion)inthebank,buttodayithasonly500mringgit,halfwhatithadinMarch.Hencethegovernment'srecentannouncementthatitwasinnewtalkswithtwobigEuropeancargroups,VolkswagenandPSAPeugeotCitroën,wi...