TheInternetofThings:AsurveyLuigiAtzoria,AntonioIerab,GiacomoMorabitoc,*aDIEE.UniversityofCagliari.ItalybUnivcrsity**Mcditcrranca°ofReggioCalabria.ItalycUniversityofCatania.Italyartic1einfoArticlehistory:Received10December2009Receivedinrevisedform27April2010Accepted14May2010AvailableonliiK1June2010ResponsibleEditor:E.EkiciKeywords:InternetotThingsPervasivecomputingRFIDsystemsabstractThispaperaddresseslheInternetofThings.Mainenablingfactorofthispromisingpara・digmistheintegrationofseveraltechnologiesandcommunicationssolutions.Identifica-tionandtrackingtechnologies,wiredandwirelesssensorandactuatornetworks・enhancedcommunicationprotocols(sharedwiththeNexlGenerationInternet),anddis-tributedintelligenceforsmartobjectsarejust(hemostrelevant.Asonecaneasilyimagine,anyseriouscontributiontolheadvaneeoflheInternetofThingsmustnecessarilybetheresultofsynergeticactivitiesconductedindifferentfieldsofknowledge,suchastelecom-munications,informatics,electronicsandsocialscience・Insuchacomplexscenario,thissurveyisdirectedtothosewhowanttoapproachthiscomplexdisciplineandcontributetoitsdevelopment.DifferentvisionsofthisInternetofThingsparadigmarereportedandenablingtechnologiesreviewed・Whatemergesisthatstillmajorissuesshallbefacedbytheresearchcommunity.Themostrelevantamongthemareaddressedindetails・02010ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved・I・InlroduclionThelntemetofThings(IoT)isanovelparadigmthatisrapidlygaininggroundintheseenarioofmodernwirelesstelecommunications.Thebasicideaofthisconceptisthepervasivepresencearoundusofavarietyofthingsorobjects-suchasRadio-FrequencyTDcnlificiuion(RFID)tags,sensors,actuators,mobilephones,etc.一which,throughuniqueaddressingschemes,areabletointeractwitheachotherandcooperatewiththeirneighborstoreachcoinmongoals[l[.Unquestionably,themainstrengthoftheIoTideaisthehighimpactitwillhaveonseveralaspectsofcvcryday・lifcandbehaviorofpotentialusers・Fromlhepointofviewofaprivateuser,themostobviousefiectsoftheIoTintroductionwillbevisibleinbothworkinganddomesticfields.Inthiscontext,domotics,assistedliving,e-health,hancedlearningareonlyafewexamplesofpossibleapplicationscenariosinwhichthenewparadigmwillplayaleadingroleinthenearfuture.Similarly,fromtheperspectiveofbusinessusers,themostapparentconsequenceswillbeequallyvisibleinfieldssuchas,automationandindustrialmanufacturing,logistics,busincss/proccssman・agemenl,inlelligenltransportationofpeopleandgoods.Bystartingfromtheconsiderationsabove,itshouldnotbesurprisingthatToTisincludedbytheUSNationalIntelligenceCouncilinthelistofsix"DisrupliveCivilTechnol-ogies"withpotentialimpactsonUSnationalpower[2].NICforeseesthat_by2025Internetnodesmayresideineverydaythings一loodpackages,furniture,paperdocuments,andmore”・1(highlightsfutureopportunitiesthatwillarise,startingfromtheideathat"populardemandcombinedwithtechnologyadvancescoulddrivewidespreaddiffusionofanInternetofThings(IoT)thatcoulcLlikethepresentInternet,contributeinvaluablytocco・nomicdevelopment".Thepossiblethreatsderivingfromawidespreadadoptionofsuchatechnologyarealsostressed・Indeed、itisemphasizedthat"totheextentthateverydayobjectsbecomeinformationsecurityrisks,theIoTcoulddistributethoserisksfarmorewidelythantheInternethastodate"・1389-1286/$-seefrontmattcrO2010ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.10l6/j.comnct.2010.05.010♦Correspondingauthor.Tel.:+390957382355;fax:+390957382397...