BusinessinRussia俄罗斯商业Frombadtoworse每况愈下Domesticandforeignfirmswonderhowseriousthingsmightget国内外的企业都想知道境况将会变得多严峻BEFOREthecurrentstandoffbetweentheKremlinandtheWestoverUkraine,itwasalreadyclearthatRussia'seconomicmodel,ofstrongenergyexportsfuellingdomesticconsumption,wasrunningoutofsteam.In2007,ontheeveoftheglobalfinancialcrisis,Russia'seconomygrewby8.5%.Lastyeargrowthwasameagre1.3%.如今,克里姆林宫正与西方就乌克兰问题僵持不下,而远在这场风波之前,人们就可以清楚地看到俄罗斯这种以大量出口资源带动国内消费的经济模式已是日薄西山。遥想在全球经济危机七夕的2007年,俄罗斯的经济增长水平高达8.5%,而去年这一数字却只有3%。Still,thecountry'spopulationof144m,itsentryintotheWorldTradeOrganisation,itsconsumers'aspirationtoaWesternlifestyleanditsstatusasthe“R”intheBRICshavepersuadedmultinationalstokeepinvestinginplantsinRussia,andforeigninvestorstokeepprovidingcapitaltoRussianfirms.Theattitudeuntilrecently,saysAlexisRodziankooftheAmericanChamberofCommerceinMoscow,wasthat“Russia'seconomymaybeslowing,butmyownprospectsareprettygood.”然而,俄罗斯是一个拥有1.44亿人口的金砖大国,不久前还加入了世贸组织,其国民也很向往西方的消费方式。这一切都促使跨国公司马不停蹄地在俄投资建厂,国外投资者也不断向其国内的公司输送资金。莫斯科美国商会会长罗德辛柯(AlexisRodzianko)不久前表达了他的看法:“俄罗斯的经济可能是在放慢脚步,但我本人对其还是抱有很大的期望。”Nowtheoutlookforbusinessesthereislookinggloomier.Withpro-RussianseparatistsseizinggovernmentbuildingsineasternUkraine,amidtalkofafull-scaleinvasion,firmsofallkindsfearatighteningofAmerican-ledsanctions,acut-offofforeignlendingandinvestment,andafurtherfallinconsumers'confidence.现在,人们对俄罗斯企业的发展前景感到更悲观了。乌克兰东部的亲俄分离主义者占领了多处政府机关建筑,关于“全面入侵”乌克兰问题的会谈也正在进行中,俄罗斯国内所有的公司都担心以美国为首的国家会对加大对俄制裁力度,削减对俄的贷款与投资,致使国内的消费者进一步失去信心。Themostimmediateconcern,especiallyforWesternfirmsdoingbusinessinandwithRussia,isthecurbstheUnitedStatesandtheEuropeanUnionhaveimposedondealingswithcertainindividuals.EventhesomewhatstrongerAmericansanctionsimposedsofarare,onpaper,“prettylimited”,saysAlexanderKlimentofEurasiaGroup,arisk-analysisfirm.Buttheyhavecreateda“scarefactor”thatismagnifyingtheireffect.Forexample,sharesinNovatek,agasproducer,fellsharplywhentherestrictionswereannounced,onfearsitmightstruggletododealswithforeignpartnersorraisecapitalabroadbecauseGennadyTimchenko,afriendofVladimirPutin'snamedontheAmericansanctionslist,owns23%ofthecompanyandsitsonitsboard.IfIgorSechin,thebossofRosneft,anotherenergyfirm,issanctioned,theeffectmaybesimilar.美国和欧盟已经对与俄罗斯特定人物的交易实施了限制,这是驻俄的和与俄有业务往来的西方公司所要面对的最迫切的难题。风险评估公司欧亚集团(EurasiaGroup)的风险评估员克利门特(AlexanderKliment)称,仅从字面上看,尽管是相对更严厉的美国方面的制裁作用似乎“十分有限”,但是它们已经催生出了一些“恐惧因素”,从而放大了其效力。比方说,普京的朋友,拥有天然气生产商诺瓦泰克公司(Novatek)23%股份的季姆琴科(GennadyTimchenko)被列入了美国的制裁名单;制裁令甫一发出,Novatek的股价便急剧下降,因为人们担心制裁会成为其进行国际贸易与融资的绊脚石。如果另一家的能源企业俄罗斯石油公司(Rosneft)的老板也被制裁,其公司的股价也会有下降之虞。Foreignfirmsfretthatsanctionscouldalsocreateopeningsforcompetitors.Americanfirmsworr...