雅思阅读真题：TheRollfilmRevolution这篇雅思阅读真题的主要内容是争论了照相机中照相胶卷的革命的故事。在照相机的进展史中，照相胶卷占据了划时代的重要位置，从今，摄影师不必再提前预备材料，可以有更多的精力和时间来处理照片的专业了。雅思阅读真题：TheRollfilmRevolutionTheintroductionofthedryplateprocessbroughtwithitmanyadvantages.Notonlywasitmuchmoreconvenient,sothatthephotographernolongerneededtopreparehismaterialinadvance,butitsmuchgreatersensitivitymadepossibleanewgenerationofcameras.Instantaneousexposureshadbeenpossiblebefore,butonlywithsomedifficultyandwithspecialequipmentandconditions.Now,exposuresshortenoughtopermitthecameratotheheldinthehandwereeasilyachieved.Aswellasfittingshuttersandviewfinderstotheirconventionalstandcameras,manufacturersbegantoconstructsmallercamerasintendedspecificallyforhanduse.OneofthefirstdesignstobepublishedwasThomasBolas”s”Detective”cameraof1881.Externallyaplainbox,quiteunlikethefoldingbellowscameratypicaloftheperiod,itcouldbeusedunobtrusively.Thenamecaughton,andforthenextdecadeorsoalmostallhandcameralwerecalled”Detectives”,Many.ofthenewdesignsinthe1880swereformagazinecameras,inwhichanumberofdryplatescouldbepre-loadedandchangedoneafteranotherfollowingexposure.Althoughmuchmoreconvenientthanstandcameras,stillusedbymostseriousworkers,magazineplatecameraswereheavy,andrequiredaccesstoadarkroomforloadingandprocessingtheplates.ThiswasallchangedbyayoungAmericanbankclerkturnedphotographicmanufacturer,GeorgeEastman,fromRochester,NewYork.Eastmanhadbeguntomanufacturegelatinedryplatesin1880.beingoneofthefirsttodosoinAmerica.Hesoonlookedforwaysofsimplifyingphotography,believingthatmanypeoplewereputoffbythecomplicationandmessiness.Hisfirststepwastodevelop,wihthecameramanufacturerWilliamH.Walker,aholderforalongrollofpapernegative”film”.Thiscouldbefittedtoastandardplatecameraanduptoforty-eightexposuresmadebeforereloading.Thecombinedweightofthepaperrollandtheholderwasfarlessthanthesamenumberofglassplatesintheirling-tightwoodenholders.Althoughroll-holdershadbeenmadeasearlyasthe1850s,nonehadbeenverysuccessfulbecauseofthelimitationsofthephotographicmaterialsthenavailable.Eastman”srollablepaperfilmwassensitiveandgavenegativesofgoodquality;theEastman-Walkerroll-holderwasagreatsuccess.Thenextstepwastocombinetheroll-holderwithasmallhandcamera;Eastman”sfirstdesignwaspatentedwithanemployee,F.M.Cossitt,in1886.Itwasnotasuccess.OnlyfiftyEastmandetectivecamerasweremade,andtheyweresoldasalottoadealerin1887;thecostwastoohighandthedesigntoocomplicated.Eastmansetaboutdevelopinganewmodel,whichwaslaunchedinJune1888.Itwasasmallbox,containingarollofpaperbasedstrippingfilmsufficientfor100circularexposures6cmindiameter.Itsoperationwassimple:settheshutterbypullingawirestring;aimthecamerausingtheVlineimpressioninthecameratop;pressthereleasebottontoactivatetheexposure;andturnaspecialkeytowindtothefilm.Ahundredexposureshadtobemade,soitwasimportanttorecordeachpictureinthememorandumbookprovided,sincetherewasnoexposurecounter.Eastmangavehiscameratheinventedname”Kodak”-whichwaseasilypronounceableinmostlanguages.andhadtwoKswhichEastmanfeltwasafirm,uncompromisingkindofletter.TheimportanceofEastman”snewroll-filmcamerawasnotthatitwasthefirst.Therehadbeenseveralearliercameras,notablytheStirn”America”,firstdemonstratedinthespringof1887andonsalefromearly1888.Thisalsousedarollofnegativep...