智课网TOEFL备考资料托福阅读OG六：工匠和产业化【附完整版】摘要：托福阅读OG是托福ETS官网唯一官网指南的精华资料，托福阅读OG题量不是很多，难度比不上托福阅读TPO，只是为大家介绍下托福阅读OG题型，是ETS官网给出的应试指南，尤其是第一次参加托福考试的考生一定要认真对待。托福阅读OG六：ARTISANSANDINDUSTRIALIZATION(OG)Before1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesorshopsbyskilledartisans.Asmastercraftworkers,theyimpartedtheknowledgeoftheirtradestoapprenticesandjourneymen.Inaddition,womenoftenworkedintheirhomespart-time,makingfinishedarticlesfromrawmaterialsuppliedbymerchantcapitalists.After1815thisolderformofmanufacturingbegantogivewaytofactorieswithmachinerytendedbyunskilledorsemiskilledlaborers.Cheaptransportationnetworks,theriseofcities,andtheavailabilityofcapitalandcreditallstimulatedtheshifttofactoryproduction.Thecreationofalaborforcethatwasaccustomedtoworkinginfactoriesdidnotoccureasily.Beforetheriseofthefactory,artisanshadworkedwithinthehome.Apprenticeswereconsideredpartofthefamily,andmasterswereresponsiblenotonlyforteachingtheirapprenticesatradebutalsoforprovidingthemsomeeducationandforsupervisingtheirmoralbehavior.Journeymenknewthatiftheyperfectedtheirskill,theycouldbecomerespectedmasterartisanswiththeirownshops.Also,skilledartisansdidnotworkbytheclock,atasteadypace,butratherinburstsofintenselaboralternatingwithmoreleisurelytime.Thefactorychangedthat.Goodsproducedbyfactorieswerenotasfinishedorelegantasthosedonebyhand,andprideincraftsmanshipgavewaytothepressuretoincreaseratesofproductivity.Thenewmethodsofdoingbusinessinvolvedanewandstrictersenseoftime.Factorylifenecessitatedamoreregimentedschedule,whereworkbeganatthesoundofabellandworkerskeptmachinesgoingataconstantpace.Atthesametime,workerswererequiredtodiscardoldhabits,forindustrialismdemandedaworkerwhowasalert,dependable,andself-disciplined.Absenteeismandlatenesshurtproductivityand,sinceworkwasspecialized,disruptedtheregularfactoryroutine.Industrializationnotonlyproducedafundamentalchangeinthewayworkwasorganized;ittransformedtheverynatureofwork.Thefirstgenerationtoexperiencethesechangesdidnotadoptthenewattitudeseasily.Thefactoryclockbecamethesymbolofthenewworkrules.Onemillworkerwhofinallyquitcomplainedrevealinglyabout"obediencetotheding-dongofthebell-justasthoughwearesomanylivingmachines."Withthelossofpersonalfreedomalsocamethelossofstandinginthecommunity.Unlikeartisanworkshopsinwhichapprenticesworkedcloselywiththemasterssupervisingthem,factoriessharplyseparatedworkersfrommanagement.Fewworkersrosethroughtherankstosupervisorypositions,andevenfewercouldachievetheartisan'sdreamofsettingupone'sownbusiness.Evenwell-paidworkerssensedtheirdeclineinstatus.Inthisnewlyemergingeconomicorder,workerssometimesorganizedtoprotecttheirrightsandtraditionalwaysoflife.Craftworkerssuchascarpenters,printers,andtailorsformedunions,andin1834individualunionscametogetherintheNationalTrades'Union.ThelabormovementgatheredsomemomentuminthedecadebeforethePanicof1837,butinthedepressionthatfollowed,labor'sstrengthcollapsed.Duringhardtimes,fewworkerswerewillingtostrike*orengageincollectiveaction.Andskilledcraftworkers,whospearheadedtheunionmovement,didnotfeelaparticularlystrongbondwithsemiskilledfactoryworkersandunskilledlaborers.Morethanadecadeofagitationdidfinallybringaworkdayshortenedto10hourstomostindustriesbythe185O’s,andthecourtsalsorec...