附录一外文翻译英文原文AssessmentandRehabilitationofEmbankmentDamsNasimUddin,P.E.,M.ASCE1Abstract:Aseriesofobservations,studies,andanalysestobemadeinthefieldandintheofficearepresentedtogainaproperunderstandingofhowanembankmentdamfitsintoitsgeologicsettingandhowitinteractswiththepresenceofthereservoiritimpounds.Itisintendedtoprovideanintroductiontotheengineeringchallengesofassessmentandrehabilitationofembankments,withparticularreferencetoaCrotonDamembankment.DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2002)16:4(176)CEDatabasekeywords:Rehabilitation;Dams,embankment;Assessment.IntroductionManymajorfacilities,hydraulicorotherwise,havebecomeveryoldandbadlydeteriorated;moreandmoreownersarecomingtorealizethatthecostofrestoringtheirfacilitiesistakingupasignificantfractionoftheiroperatingbudgets.Rehabilitationis,therefore,becomingamajorgrowthindustryforthefuture.Inembankmentdamengineering,neitherthefoundationnorthefillsarepremanufacturedtostandardsorcodes,andtheirperformancecorrespondinglyisnever100%predictable.Damengineering—inparticular,thatrelatedtoearthstructures—hasevolvedonmanyfrontsandcontinuestodoso,particularlyinthecontextoftheeconomicaluseofresourcesandthedeterminationofacceptablelevelsofrisk.Becauseofthis,therefore,thereremainsawidevarietyofopinionandpracticeamongengineersworkinginthefield.Man---本文来源于网络，仅供参考，勿照抄，如有侵权请联系删除---yaspectsofdesigningandconstructingdamswillprobablyalwaysfallwithinthatgroupofengineeringproblemsforwhichtherearenouniversallyacceptedoruniquelycorrectprocedures.Inspiteofadvancesinrelatedtechnologies,however,itislikelythatthebuildingofembankmentsandthereforetheirmaintenance,monitoring,andassessmentwillremainanempiricalprocess.Itis,therefore,difficulttoconceiveofasetofrigorousassessmentproceduresforexistingdams,iftherearenodesigncodes.Manyagencies(theU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers,USBR,TennesseeValleyAuthority,FERC,etc.)havedevelopedchecklistsforfieldinspections,forexample,andsuggestedformatsandtopicsforassessmentreporting.However,thesecannotbetakenasprocedures;theyserveasguidelines,reminders,andexamplesofwhattolookforandreporton,buttheyserveasnosubstituteforanexperienced,interested,andobservantengineeringeye.Severalkeyfactorsshouldbeexaminedbytheengineerinthecontextofthemandateagreeduponwiththedamowner,andthesetogetherwithrelevantandappropriatecomputationsofstaticanddynamicstabilityformthebasisoftheassessment.Itisonlysensibleforanengineertocommittotheevaluationoftheconditionof,ortheassessmentof,anexistingandoperatingdamifhe/sheisfamiliarandcomfortablewiththedesignandconstructionofsuchthingsandfurthermorehasdemonstratedhis/herunderstandingandexperience.RehabilitationMeasuresThemainfactorsaffectingtheperformanceofanembankmentdamare(1)seepage;(2)stability;and(3)freeboard.Foranembankmentdam,allofthesefactorsareinterrelated.Seepagemaycauseerosionandpiping,whichmayleadtoinstability.Instabilitymaycausecracking,which,inturn,maycausepipinganderosionfailures.Themeasurestakentoimprovethestabilityofanexistingdamagainstseepageandpipingwilldependonthelocationoftheseepage(foundationorembankment),theseepagevolume,anditscriticality.Embankmentslopestab---本文来源于网络，仅供参考，勿照抄，如有侵权请联系删除---ilityisusuallyimprovedbyflatteningtheslopesorprovidingatoeberm.Thisslopestabilizationisusuallycombinedwithdrainagemeasu...