注：C1---剑桥雅思第一册，T1---第一套题，P1---第一篇阅读，依次类推1.Thequestforapracticalmatchreallybeganafter1781whenagroupofFrenchchemisitscameupwiththePhosphoricCandleorEtherealMatch,asealedglasstubecontainingatwistofpapertippedwithphosphorus.(C1T1P1)2.Anevenmorehazardousdevice,popularinAmerica,wastheInstantaneousLightBox---abottlefilledwithsulphuricacidintowhichsplintstreatedwithchemicalsweredipped.(C1T1P1)3.Thefirstmatchesresemblingthoseusedtodayweremadein1827byJohnWalker,anEnglishpharmacistwhoborrowedtheformulafromamilitaryrocket-makercalledCongreve.(C1T1P1)4.Itwasn’tuntil1900thattheDiamondMatchCompanyboughtaFrenchpatentforsafetymatches---buttheformuladidnotworkproperlyinthedifferentclimateconditionsprevailinginAmericaanditwasanother11yearsbeforescientistsfinallyadaptedtheFrenchpatentfortheUS.(C1T1P1)5.ThecommitmenthasnowbeenclearlydefinedinTheWorldZooConservationStrategy,which---althoughanimportantandwelcomedocument---doesseemtobebasedonanunrealisticoptimismaboutthenatureofthezooindustry.(C1T1P2)6.Ofcourseitisdifficulttogetaccuratedatabut,toputtheissueintoperspective,Ihavefoundthat,inayearofworkinginEasternEurope,Idiscoveredfreshzoosonalmostaweeklybasis.(C1T1P2)7.Thisestablishment,whichforyearswasprotectedbythelocalcouncil(whichvieweditasatouristamenity),wasfinallycloseddownfollowingadamningreportbyaveterinaryinspectorappointedunderthetermsofthZooLicensingAct1881.(C1T1P2)8.EvenassumingthattheWZCS’s100corezoosareallofahighstandard---completewithscientificstaffandresearchfacilities,trainedanddedicatedkeepers,accommodationthatpermitsnomalornaturalbehaviour,andapolicyofco-operatingfullywitheachother---whatmightbethepotentialofconservation?(C1T1P2)9.Thisseemsanextremelyoptimisticpropositionfromamanwhomustbeawareofthefailingandweaknessofthezooindustry---themanwho,whenamemberofthecouncilofLondonZoo,hadtopersuadethezootodevotemoreofitsactivitiestoconservation.(C1T1P2)10.Andindeedsincesocialscientistshaveconsiderabledifficultyexplainingweightiertopics,suchasworkandpolitics,itmightbethoughtthattheywouldhavegreatdifficultiesinaccountingformoretrivialphenomenasuchasholiday-making.(C1T2P3)11.RecentworkbySimonHewsonisofgreatinteresthereforitshowsthat,foryoungchildren,too,thedifficultyliesnotintheinferenceprocesseswhichthetaskdemands,butincertainperplexingfeaturesoftheapparatusandtheprocedure.(C2T1P3)12.Whenthesearechangesinwayswhichdonotatallaffecttheinferentialnatureoftheproblem,thenfive-year-oldchildrensolvetheproblemaswellascollegestudentsdidintheKendler’sownexperiments.(C2T1P3)13.Thenhehelpedthechildtounderstandthattherewasno“magic”aboutthespecificmarblewhich,duringthesecondstageofthetraining,theexperimenterhandedtohimsothathecouldpopitintheholeandgetthereward.(C2T1P3)14.Wemayconclude,thenthatchildrenexperienceveryrealdifficultywhenfacedwiththeKendlerapparatus,butthisdifficultycannotbetakenasproofthattheyareincapableofdeductivereasoning.(C2T1P3)15.Theprimeobjectiveofthebenchmarkingprocesswastocomparearangeofservicedeliveryprocessesacrossarangeofcriteriausingteamsmadeupofemployeesfromdifferentdepartmentswithinthehotelwhichinteractedwitheachother.(C2T2P1)16.Britishindustry,inparticular,hasinrecentdecadesoftenbeencriticisedforitslinguisticindustry---foritsassumptionthatforeignbuyerswillbehappytocommunicateinEnglishandthatawarenessofotherlanguagesisnotthereforeapriority.(C...