1.designfeatures:refertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.Theyarefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguages,suchasarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,etc.2.function:theuseoflanguagetocommunicate,tothink,etc.Languagefunctionsincludeinformativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunctionandmetalingualfunction.3.etic:atermincontrastwithemicwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike’sdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Beingeticmeansmakingfartoomany,aswellasbehaviorallyinconsequential,differentiations,justaswasoftenthecasewithphoneticvs.phonemicanalysisinlinguisticsproper.4.emic:atermincontrastwitheticwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike’sdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Anemicsetofspeechactsandeventsmustbeonethatisvalidatedasmeaningfulviafinalresourcetothenativemembersofaspeechcommunityratherthanviaappealtotheinvestigator’singenuityorintuitionalone.5.synchronic:akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent),asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.6.diachronic:thestudyofalanguagewhichiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.7.prescriptive:akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,i.e.layingdownrulesforlanguageuse.8.descriptive:akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsarejustdescribed.9.arbitrariness:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.10.duality:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofarecomposedofelementsofthesecondary.levelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.11.displacement:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichmeanshumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthemomentofcommunication.12.phaticcommunion:onefunctionofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage.13.metalanguage:certainkindsoflinguisticsignsortermsfortheanalysisanddescriptionofparticularstudies.14.macrolinguistics:heinteractingstudybetweenlanguageandlanguage-relateddisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,ethnograph,scienceoflawandartificialintelligenceetc.Branchesofmacrolinguisticsincludepsycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,anthropologicallinguistics,etc.15.competence:languageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.16.performance:theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.17.langue:thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.18.parole:theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances).19．Articulatoryphonetics:thestudyofproductionofspeechsounds.20.Coarticulation:akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved.Coarticulationcanbefurtherdividedintoanticipatorycoarticulationandperseverativecoarticulation.21．Voicing:pronouncingasound(usuallyavoweloravoicedconsonant)byvibratingthevocalcords.22．Broadandnarrowtranscription:theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;while,theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasnarrowtranscription.23．Consonant:aresoundsegmentsproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutoffth...