新东方哈尔滨学校12月六级仔细阅读SectionCPassage2Q51-55OnJan.9,2007,10yearsagotoday,SteveJobsformallyannouncedApple's"revolutionarymobilephone"—adevicethatcombinedthefunctionalityofaniPod,phoneandInternetcommunicationintoasingleunit,navigatedbytouch.Itwasahugemilestoneinthedevelopmentofsmartphones,whicharenowownedbyamajorityofAmericanadultsandareincreasinglycommonacrosstheglobe.Assmartphoneshaveproliferated,sohavequestionsabouttheirimpactonhowweliveandhowwework.Oftentheadvantagesofconvenient,mobiletechnologyarebothobviousandtakenforgranted,leavingmoresubtletopicsforconcerneddiscussion:Aresmartphonesdisturbingchildren'ssleep?Isaninabilitytogetawayfromworkhavinganegativeimpactonhealth?Andwhataretheimplicationsforprivacy?Buttoday,onthe10thanniversaryoftheiPhone,let'stakeamomenttoconsideralessobviousadvantage:thepotentialforsmartphonetechnologytorevolutionizebehavioralscience.That'sbecause,forthefirsttimeinhumanhistory,alargeproportionofthespeciesisincontinuouscontactwithtechnologythatcanrecordkeyfeaturesofanindividual'sbehaviorandenvironment.ToearecentpublishedinPerspectivesinPsychologicalScience:"Psychologyhasagreatdealofdataonwhatpeoplebelievetheydo...butlittledataonwhatpeopleactuallydo."Researchershavealreadybeguntousesmartphonesinsocialscientificresearch,eithertoquerypeopleregularlyastheyengageintheirnormallivesortorecordactivityusingthedevice'sbuilt-insensors.Thesestudiesareconfirming,challengingandextendingwhat'sbeenfoundusingmoretraditionalapproaches,inwhichpeoplereporthowtheybehavedinreallifeorparticipateinrelativelyshortandartificiallaboratory-basedtasks.Toillustratetheuseofsmartphone-baseddatacollection,consideraforthcomingstudythatcombinedqueriesembeddedineverydaylifewithsensordatatopaintamoreaccuratepictureofhowmoodisaffectedbyaperson'slocation.Thedataforthestudycamefrommorethan12,000membersofthegeneralpublicwhodownloadedafreeAndroidapptoparticipateintheresearch.Twiceduringtheday,theywerepromptedtoreporttheirmoodandlocation,withlocationinformationadditionallycollectedfromthephone'slocationsensors.Usingbothkindsoflocationdata,thestudyfoundthatpeoplereportedsignificantlymorepositivemoodsinlocationsthattypicallyinvolvesocialinteractions(suchasacaféorfriend'shouse)thanathome,andmorepositivemoodsathomethanatwork.Otherstudieshaveusedsensordatatodrawmoresubtlekindsofinferences.Forinstance,astudypublishedin2015followed48studentsoverthecourseofa10-weekschoolterm.Usingacombinationoflocation,activityandaudiosensors,theresearcherscouldinferstudents'patternsofclassattendance,studytime,physicalactivityandsocializing.Thesevariables,inturn,predictedstudentGPAwithsurprisinglyhighaccuracy.Another2015studyusedmobilephonestotrack40adultparticipantsoveratwo-weekperiod.Usingpatternsofmovementandphoneusage,theresearcherswereabletoidentifybehaviorsthatpredictedsymptomsofdepression.Thesestudiesarejustfirststeps.Asmoredataarecollectedandmethodsforanalysisimprove,researcherswillbeinabetterpositiontoidentifyhowdifferentexperiences,behaviorsandenvironmentsrelatetoeachotherandevolveovertime,withthepotentialtoimprovepeople'sproductivityandwellbeinginavarietyofdomains.Beyondrevealingpopulation-widepatterns,therightcombinationofdataandanalysiscanalsohelpindividualsidentifyuniquecharacteristicsoftheirownbehavior,includingconditionsthatcouldindicatetheneedforsomeformofintervention—suchasanupti...