戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套自己整理版-笔记．Chapter1Introduction什么是语言学Whatislinguistics?[A]Thedefinitionoflinguistics对语言进行的科学研究Linguistics)isgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage(Processoflinguisticstudy:Certainlinguisticfactsareobserved,generalizationareformed;Hypothesesareformulated;Hypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations;Alinguistictheoryisconstructed.普通语言从整体研thestudyoflanguageasawholGenerallinguistic[B]Thescopeoflinguistics1.Phonetics:thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsounds(orthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage)(Howspeechsoundsareproducedandclassified):isessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsina2.Phonolog(Howsoundsformsystemsandfunctiontoconveymeaning)language3.Morphology:thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords(howmorphemesarecombinedtoformwords)4.Syntax:thestudyofthoserulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstoformpermissiblesentences(howmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences)5.Semantics:thestudyofmeaninginabstraction6.Pragmatics:thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseSociolinguistics:thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyPsycholinguistics:thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofthemindAppliedlinguistics:theapplicationoflinguisticsprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearningAnthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics;mathematicallinguistics;mathematicallinguistics;computationallinguistics[C]Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics①规定性与描写性Prescriptivevs.Descriptive②共时性与历时性（现代英语多研究共时性）Synchronicvs.DiachronicThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintime;Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.③言语与文字SpeechandwritingSpokenlanguageisprimary,notthewritten④语言和言语LangueandparoleProposedbySwisslinguistsF.deSausse(sociological)（指一Langue:referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity个话语社团所有成员共有的语言系统）（指语言在实际运用中的实现）Parole:referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse⑤语言能力与语言运用CompetenceandperformanceProposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky(psychological)（理想的语言使用者关于语言Competence:theidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.规则方面的知识）（这种知识Performance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticscommunication语言交流中的具体实现什么是语Whatislanguage?[A]Thedefinitionoflanguag语言是一个具有任Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.性、用于人类交流的语音符号系统（根据规则组合在一起a)System:combinedtogetheraccordingtorules语言b)Arbitrary:nointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfo号和符号所代表的事物之间没有内在的必然的联系（所有语言的首要媒介都是声音c)Vocal:theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages（语言是人类所独有的d)Human:languageishuman-specific[B]Designfeatures(uniqueproperties):thedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishit（识别特征是指人类语言区别于任何动物交际系统的本质fromanyanimalsystemofcommunication征（任意性ArbitrarinesThereisnologicalornaturalconnectionbetweenalinguisticform(eithersoundorword)anditsmeaning.（意义和语音之间没有什么逻辑的Whilelanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary系；虽然是任意性的，但并非完全任意（拟声词）a)echoofthesoundsofobjectsoractivities:onomatopoeicwords（某些复合词）b)somecompoundwords②（能产性，创造性）ProductivityLanguageisproductiveinthatitmake...