TEXT66Anaturalchoice天生我才必有用(陈继龙编译)Oct12th2006FromTheEconomistprinteditionBORNinthetrough[1]oftheGreatDepression,EdmundPhelps,aprofessoratColumbiaUniversitywhothisweekwontheNobelprizeforeconomics,hasspentmuchofhisintellectuallifestudyingslumpsofadifferentkind.TheDepression,whichcostbothofhisparentstheirjobs,wasexacerbated[2]bythemonetaryauthorities,whokepttootightagriponthemoneysupply.(1)MrPhelpsisinterestedinunemploymentthatevenopen-handedcentralbankerscannotcure.本周获得诺贝尔经济学奖的哥伦比亚大学教授埃德蒙·菲尔普斯生于经济大萧条谷底时期。作为一名学者,他几乎全身心地投入在了一种不同类型的经济萧条的研究之中。当年,由于金融主管当局对货币供应控制过严,导致经济大萧条每况愈下,菲尔普斯的父母也因此双双失业。菲尔普斯感兴趣的恰恰就是连出手大方的中央银行家们都无法解决的失业问题。Mostscholarsstandontheshouldersofgiants.ButMrPhelpswonhislaurels[3]inpartforkickingthefeetfromunderhisintellectualforerunners.In1958WilliamPhillips,oftheLondonSchoolofEconomics,showedthatformuchoftheprevioushundredyears,unemploymentwaslowinBritainwhenwageinflationwashigh,andhighwheninflationwaslow.Economistswerequick—tooquick—toconcludethatpolicymakersthereforefacedagrand,macroeconomictrade-off,embodiedintheso-called“Phillipscurve”.(2)Theycouldsettleforunemploymentof,say,6%andaninflationrateof1%—asprevailedinAmericaatthestartofthe1960s—ortheycouldquickentheeconomy,cuttingunemploymentbyacoupleofpercentagepointsattheexpenseofinflationof3%orso—whichisroughlyhowthingsstoodinAmericawhenMrPhelpspublishedhisfirstpaperonthesubjectin1967.大多数学者都站在巨人的肩膀之上,而菲尔普斯之所以能够获得此项殊荣,一部分却是因为他敢于突破前辈们在学术上的桎梏。1958年,伦敦经济学院的威廉·菲利普斯指出,此前一百年中大多数时候,英国的失业与工资提高引起的通货膨胀呈反相关的关系。于是,经济学家们就匆匆断定,决策者因此将面临重要的宏观经济平衡问题,所谓的“菲利普斯曲线”就是这种平衡的具体表现形式。比方说,6%的失业率加上1%的通货膨胀率对于决策者而言是可以接受的,20世纪60年代初期的美国就普遍维持在这个水平。又譬如说,决策者以通货膨胀上升到3%左右为代价,可使失业率降低2%,从而加快经济发展。1967年的美国情况也大致如此。同年,菲尔普斯发表了第一篇关于这一问题的论文。Insuchatightlabourmarket,companiesappeaseworkersbyofferinghigherwages.Theythenpassonthecostintheformofdearerprices,cheatingworkersofahigherrealwage.Thuspolicymakerscanengineerlowerunemploymentonlythroughdeception.But“manisathinking,expectantbeing,”asMrPhelpshasputit.Eventuallyworkerswillcottonon[4],demandingstillhigherwagestooffsettherisingcostofliving.(3)Theycanbeduped[5]foraslongasinflationstaysonestepaheadoftheirrisingexpectationsofwhatitwillbe.在劳动力市场十分紧缩的情况下,各公司稳定劳动者队伍的方法就是提高工资水平,然后再以抬高物价的方式转移这一成本,并对劳动者隐瞒了其实可以更高的工资。这样的话,决策者只需要采取欺骗手段就可以实现较低的失业水平。不过正如菲尔普斯所说,“人是有思维的并有所期望的。”总有一天劳动者会恍然大悟,并且会索取更高的工资来弥补日益增长的生活费用。只有通货膨胀水平始终高于他们对其不断上升的期望值,他们才可能上当受骗。Thestabletrade-offdepictedbythePhillipscurveisthusadangerousmirage.Theeconomywillrecoveritsequilibriumonlywhenworkers'expectationsarefulfilled,pricesturnoutasanticipated,andtheynolongerselltheirlabourunderfalsepretences.Butequilibriumdoesnot,sadly,implyfullemployment.MrPhelpsarguedthatinflationwillnotsettleuntil...