DoesHappinessLeadtoSuccess幸福的人更容易成功吗积极心理学的实证研究告诉大家：积极情感的多方面作用,社交,婚姻,健康等。做一个积极向上的人吧PsychologicalBulletin____,Vol.131,No.6,803–855Copyright____bytheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation0033-2909/05/$12.00DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803TheBenefitsofFrequentPositiveAffect:DoesHappinessLeadtoSuccess?UniversityofCalifornia,RiversideSonjaLyubomirskyUniversityofMissouri—ColumbiaLauraKingUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana–ChampaignandTheGallupOrganizationNumerousstudiesshowthathappyindividualsaresuccessfulacrossmultiplelifedomains,includingmarriage,friendship,income,workperformance,andhealth.Theauthorssuggestaconceptualmodeltoaccountforthesefindings,arguingthatthehappiness–successlinke_istsnotonlybecausesuccessmakespeoplehappy,butalsobecausepositiveaffectengenderssuccess.Threeclassesofevidence—cross-sectional,longitudinal,ande_perimental—areumentedtotesttheirmodel.Relevantstudiesaredescribedandtheireffectsizescombinedmeta-analytically.Theresultsrevealthathappinessisassoci-atedwithandprecedesnumeroussuccessfuloutcomes,aswellasbehaviorsparallelingsuccess.Furthermore,theevidencesuggeststhatpositiveaffect—thehallmarkofwell-being—maybethecauseofmanyofthedesirablecharacteristics,resources,andsuccessescorrelatedwithhappiness.Limitations,empiricalissues,andimportantfutureresearchquestionsarediscussed.Keywords:happiness,subjectivewell-being,positiveaffect,positiveemotions,meta-analysisEdDiener“Amerryheartgoesalltheday,Yoursadtiresinamile-a.”—WilliamShakespeare“Thejoyfulnessofamanprolongethhisdays.”—Sirach30:22“Thedaysthatmakeushappymakeuswise.”—JohnMasefieldResearchonwell-beingconsistentlyrevealsthatthecharacter-isticsandresourcesvaluedbysocietycorrelatewithhappiness.Fore_ample,marriage(Mastekaasa,1994),acomfortableincome(Diener_amp;Biswas-Diener,____),superiormentalhealth(Koivumaa-Honkanenetal.,____),andalonglife(Danner,Snow-don,_amp;Friesen,____)allcovarywithreportsofhighhappinesslevels.Suchassociationsbetweendesirablelifeoutcomesandhappinesshaveledmostinvestigatorstoassumethatsuccessmakespeoplehappy.Thisassumptioncanbefoundthroughouttheliteratureinthisarea.Fore_ample,Diener,Suh,Lucas,andSmithSonjaLyubomirsky,DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofCalifor-nia,Riverside;LauraKing,DepartmentofPsychologicalSciences,Uni-versityofMissouri—Columbia;EdDiener,DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana–ChampaignandTheGallupOrganization,Omaha,Nebraska.ThisworkwassupportedinpartbygrantsfromthePositivePsychologyNetwork.WearegratefultoFaziletKasri,ReneDickerhoof,ColleenHowell,AngelaZamora,StephenSchueller,IreneChung,KathleenJamir,TonyAngelo,andChristieScollonforconductinglibraryresearchandespeciallytoRyanHowellforstatisticalconsulting.CorrespondenceconcerningthisarticleshouldbeaddressedtoSonjaLyubomirsky,DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofCalifornia,River-side,CA92521.E-mail:sonja@citrus.ucr.edu803(____)reviewedthecorrelationsbetweenhappinessandavarietyofresources,desirablecharacteristics,andfavorablelifecircum-stances.Althoughtheauthorsrecognizedthatthecausalitycanbebidirectional,theyfrequentlyusedwordingimplyingthatcauseflowsfromtheresourcetohappiness.Fore_ample,theysuggestedthatmarriagemighthave“greaterbenefitsformenthanforwomen”(p.290),apparentlyoverlookingthepossibilitythatse_differencesinmaritalpatternscouldbeduetodifferentialselectionintomarriagebasedonwell-being.Similarly,afterreviewinglinksbetweenmoneyandwell-being,Dienerandhiscolleaguespointedoutthat“evenwhene_tremelywealthyindividualsaree_amined,theeffects[italicsadded]ofincomearesmall”(p.287),againassumingacausaldirectionfromincometohappiness.Weusequotesfromoneofustoavoidpointingfingersatothers,butsuche_amplescouldbegarneredfromthemajorityofscientificpubli-cationsinthisarea.Thequotesunderscorethepervasivenessoftheassumptionamongwell-beinginvestigatorsthatsuccessfulout-comesfosterhappiness.Thepurposeofourreviewisnottodisconfirmthatresourcesandsuccessleadtowell-being—anotionthatislikelyvalidtosomedegree.Ouraimistoshowthatthealternativecausalpathway—thathappypeoplearelikelytoac-quirefavorablelifecircumstances—isatleastpartlyresponsiblefortheassociationsfoundintheliterature.APRELIMINARYCONCEPTUALMODELInthisarticle,wereviewevidencesuggestingthathappypeo-ple—thosewhoe_perienceapreponderanceofpositiveemo-tions—tendtobesuccessfulandaccomplishedacrossmultiplelifedomains.Whyishappinesslinkedtosuccessfuloutcomes?Weproposethatthisisnotmerelybecausesuccessleadstohappiness,butbecausepositiveaffect(PA)engenderssuccess.Positively