CHAPTER1INTRODUCTION(高叔叔说这章要考50分，所以东西有点多~)1.Linguistics1.1Definition:linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Threekeywords:♦Language:precededbythezeroarticleimpliesnotanyparticularlanguagebutlanguageingeneral.♦Study:investigateexamineresearch♦Scientific:observation→generalization→hypothesesformation→datacollection→hypothesestesting→theoryformulationHowtomakeastudy"scientific"?1)Exhaustiveness:gatherallthematerialsrelevanttoone'sinvestigationandgivethemanadequateexplanation.2)Consistency:makenocontradictionbetweenpartsofthetotalstatement3)Economy:otherthingsbeingequal,simplershorteranalysisisbetter.4)Objectivity:beasobjectiveaspossibleindescribingandanalyzingthedata,allowingnoprejudicetoinfluenceone’sgeneralization.1.2thescopeoflinguisticsGenerallinguistics:thestudyoflanguageasawhole.Thisdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptionsmodelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy,incontrasttobranchesofstudywhichrelatelinguisticstotheresearchofotherareas.Generallinguisticscanbefurtherdividedintotheoreticallinguistics(micro-linguistics)andapplicationoflinguistics(macro-linguistics).1.2.1Theoreticallinguistics:1)Phnetics:thebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.2)Phonology:studieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningsincommunication.3)Morphology:studyofthewayinwhichthesmallestmeaningfulcomponentscalledmorphemearearrangedtoformwords.4)Syntax[‘sintæks]:studiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences5)Semantics[si’mæntiks]:thestudyofmeaninginisolation,staticallyoutofcontext.1.2.2Applicationoflinguistics(2-8了解即可)1)Pragmatics:thedynamicstudyofmeaningincontext.2)Appliedlinguistics:applicationoflinguisticstheories,principles,methodsandresearchfindingstoanylanguageconnectedareas(broadsense),tolanguageteachingesptotheteachingofforeignorsecondlanguage(narrowsense)Itincludeslanguageacquisition,languagetesting,languageevaluation.3)Sociolinguistics:thestudyofsocialfactorsoflanguagesuchaseducationbackground,economicstatus,sexanditsrelationwithsociety.Itincludeslanguagenorm,languagechangeandlanguagepolicy.4)Psycolinguistics:studiesthecorrelationbetweenlinguisticbehaviorandpsychologicalprocessesthatarebelievedtounderliethatbehavior.itaimstoanswerthreequestions:1)howhumanworkwhenweuselanguage;2)howweacquireourmothertongue;3)howweperceptandinternalizetheinformationwereceiveincommunication.5)Anthropologicallinguistics:itusesthetheoriesandmethodsofanthropologytostudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman.6)Neurolinguistics:studiestheneurologicalbasisoflanguagedevelopmentanduseinhumanbeings.7)Mathematicallinguistics:studiesthemathematicalfeaturesoflanguagebyemployingmodelsandconceptsofmathematics.8)Computationallinguistics;approachesinwhichmathematicaltechniquesandconceptsareappliedwiththeaidofcomputermachine.Translationorautomatictranslation;projectwhichteachesmachinehowtorecognizespeechsoundsandthereforewords(speechsynthesis)1.3importantdistinctionsinlinguistics(重点)1.3.1Prescriptiveanddescriptive[Descriptive→objectivePrescriptive→subjective]♦Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itisdescriptive(描写性）♦Ifitaimstolaydownrulesforcorrectbehavior,thatistotell...