Unit4keystoexercisesSectionAII.Comprehension1.Becausetheysufferedfromlowwagesandoppressiveworkingconditions.2.Tothefirstgenerationofimmigrants,workhadgreatvirtues.Firstofall,itensuredtheirownsurvival.Secondly,itmadeitpossibleforthemtoprovideabetterlifeandeducationfortheirchildren,whichmeantanimprovementintheirsocialstatus.Lastbutnotleast,itwastheveryhardworkthatgavetheirlaborsafiercedignity,whichservedasadrivingforceintheirownlife.3.Generallyspeaking,it’sbecausethewaypeopleviewworkismuchchanged.Specifically,therearefourcauses.Thefirstisthattoday’syoungerworkershavelittleideaaboutthepovertyandsufferingoftheDepressionand,therefore,don’tknowwhatworkmeanttothosewhosurvivedtheDepression.Thesecondcauseisthatunemploymentnolongermeanspersonalruinandshamethankstoelaboratefinancialcushions.Thirdly,thelossofajobnowcarrieslesspersonalshame,asitcanbeblamedonthewildandnotoriousbehavioroftheeconomy.Andfinally,worknolongerjustservesasameansofexistenceinasocietywhereexpectationsaregettinghigherwithrisingeducationallevels.4.ToexplaintheattitudetoworkofthosewhosufferedtheextremepovertyduringtheDepression,andtocontrastthiswiththeattitudesoftoday’syoungerworkers.5.AccordingtoMaslow,workmeetshumanneedsinthefollowinghierarchy:first,itprovidessuchbasicmeansasfoodandshelter;second,itcanprovidesecurity;third,itsatisfiestheneedforfriendshipandconnectionwithothers;fourth,itcanhelpgainrespect;andfinally,itcansatisfythedesireforself-fulfillment.6.Maslow’sschemeisquotedtoexplainworkers’expectationschangewithsocialandeconomicdevelopment.Becauseofthesechanges,workhasdifferentmeaningstodifferentgroupsinsocietyastheyarepositionedatdifferentstagesintheworkhierarchy.7.Thewomen’srightsmovementhasmadeitpossibleforwomentopursuecareers,notjustworkformeresurvival.That’stosay,theyareworkingatthelevelof“fulfillingthemselves”,whichisthehighestinMaslow’sworkhierarchy.8.ConditionsforsomeUSworkers,suchasthoseonassemblylines,maybeconsideredterrible.However,themedievalworkerssufferedmuchmoremiserythanthoseworkingonthemodernassemblyline.ApoorIndianrubbishcollectorlivesamoremiserablelifethana“poor”Americancarworker.TheaveragepeasantsinSouthAmericaworkharderthanmostofAmericans.9.Theauthoriscautioningthatitisimportanttohaveapropersenseofperspectiveaboutwork,beforemakingjudgmentsonparticularsituations.10.WorkisthemostthoroughandprofoundorganizingprincipleinAmericanlifeinthatithelpspeopleconnectwithothersinaworkcommunityand,therefore,satisfytheirneedforfriendshipandsocialrelations.VocabularyEx.III1.esteemed2.stunned3.notorious4.conferred5.aspiration6.diluted7.hierarchy8.foremost9.asserted10.arrogant11.dreadful12.recyclingIV.1.windup2.mergewith3.dyingoff4.laidoff5.closeddown6.degeneratedinto7.ineffect8.apartfrom9.irrespectiveof10.proneto11.takesacertainamountofpeople’sinterestoutof12.kickedaroundV1.stories2.manages3.weight4.meanings5.honor6.disease7.electricity8.traditionTranslationVI1.Thosewholeadamiserablelifeoftenfailtorecognizetheinherentvirtueofworkinearningandsustainingtheirdignity.2.Withthelifebetteredandlevelsofeducationhigher,theworkethicisdilutednow.3.Theyounggenerationhasmuchdifficultyunderstandingwhytheirancestorshadtofocustheirmindsuponworkasthecentralconcernofexistence.4.AccordingtoMaslow,differentclassesandethnicgroupsarepositionedatdifferentstagesintheworkhierarchy.5.Indevelopingcountries,manytal...