剑桥雅思9T4P2Youngchildren'ssenseofidentityYoungchildren’ssenseofidentity【A】Asenseofselfdevelopsinyoungchildrenbydegrees.孩子的自我认知是逐渐形成的Theprocesscanusefullybethoughtofintermsofthegradualemergenceoftwosomewhatseparatefeatures:theselfasasubject,andtheselfasanobject.这一过程会逐渐形成稍有不同的两种特征：主体自我和客体自我WilliamJamesintroducedthedistinctionin1892,andcontemporariesofhis,suchasCharlesCooley,addedtothedevelopingdebate.WilliamJames1892提出两者差别，与他同一时代的人，CharlesCooley加入到发展的争论中Eversincethenpsychologistshavecontinuedbuildingonthetheory.从此之后心理学家在此基础上不断的发展这方面的理论。【B】AccordingtoJames,achild'sfirststepontheroadtoself-understandingcanbeseenastherecognitionthatheorsheexists.根据James的光电，一个孩子自我认知的第一步可被视为意识到自己的存在Thisisanaspectoftheselfthathelabeled'self-as-subject’,andhegaveitvariouselements.这就是他称为“主体自我”的一个方面，并给出许多元素Theseincludedanawarenessofone’sownagency(i.e.one’spowertoact),andanawarenessofone’sdistinctivenessfromotherpeople.这包括对自我权利（即行动权利）和意识到自己不同于他人的认知Thesefeaturesgraduallyemergeasinfantsexploretheirworldandinteractwithcaregivers.这些特征通常在孩子探索世界并且与照顾他们的人互动的时候体现出来Cooley(1902)suggestedthatasenseoftheself-as-subjectwasprimarilyconcernedwithbeingabletoexercisepower.Cooley(1902)提出主体自我意识主要与实践力有关Heproposedthattheearliestexamplesofthisareaninfant’sattemptstocontrolphysicalobjects,suchastoysorhisorherownlimbs.他提出最早的例子是孩子适应去控制实物例如玩具或是自己的四肢Thisisfollowedbyattemptstoaffectthebehaviourofotherpeople.Forexample,infantslearnthatwhentheycryorsmilesomeonerespondstothem.接着会尝试形象别人的行为，例如他们在库或者笑的时候有人会回应他们【C】Anotherpowerfulsourceofinformationforinfantsabouttheeffectstheycanhaveontheworldaroundthemisprovidedwhenothersmimicthem.又一个强大的信息源是他人对婴儿的模仿，让他们意识到他们对世界的影响能有多大。Manyparentsspendalotoftime,particularlyintheearlymonths,copyingtheirinfant’svocalizationsandexpressions.一些家长花很多时间尤其是在婴儿最早的几个月，模仿孩子的声音和表情Inaddition,youngchildrenenjoylookinginmirrors,wherethemovementstheycanseearedependentupontheirownmovements.此外，小孩子很喜欢照镜子，因为镜子里的动作取决于他们自己的动作。Thisisnottosaythatinfantsrecognizethereflectionastheirovineimage(alaterdevelopment).这并不意味着孩子们认识到镜子里的反映是自己（这事之后的发展阶段）However,LewisandBrooks-Gunn(1979)suggestthatinfants'developingunderstandingthatthemovementstheyseeinthemirrorarecontingentontheirown,leadstoagrowingawarenessthattheyaredistinctfromotherpeople.Thisisbecausethey,andonlythey,canchangethereflectioninthemirror.然而LewisandBrooks-Gunn(1979)认为婴儿理解到镜子里的动作取决于自己的的动作，这使他们意识到自己与他人不同，因为他们、只有他们自己，能够改变镜子中的影像。【D】Thisunderstandingthatchildrengainofthemselvesasactiveagentscontinuestodevelopintheirattemptstoco-operatewithothersinplay.孩子意识到自己具有主动权利，他们获得这个认知通过在游戏中与他人的互动。Dunn(1988)pointsoutthatitisinsuchday-to-dayrelationshipsandinteractionsthatthechild'sunderstandingofhis-orherselfemerges.Dunn(1988)指出就是这样日常关系的互动中，孩子对于自身的认知得以出现Empiricalinvestigationsoftheself-as-subjectinyoungchildrenare,however,ratherscarceb...