新东方在线新概念英语网络课堂第4册补充教材ABriefintroductiontoTranslation翻译原理入门I.Definition翻译的定义Translation,speaking,impliesrenderingfromonelanguageintoanotherofsomethingwrittenorspoken.Itis,essentiallythefaithfulrepresentation,inonelanguageofwhatiswrittenorspokeninanother.Itisthereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(SL-thesourcelanguage)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(TL-targetlanguage).II.Qualificationsofatranslator翻译者必备的素质1)Atranslatormustbewellacquaintedwiththesourcelanguage.Weareinclinedtofeeltooconfidentofourcomprehensionwhenwearereadingforeignliteraryworks.WethinkweknowitfromAtoZ,yet,whenwestarttranslatingitwefinditdifficultandtherearemanypointsmisunderstood.Weareplayingthefoolwithourselvesbecauseofcarelessreading,Therefore,translationservesasthebestpossibleapproachtothestudyofforeignlanguages.2)Atranslatormustbewellacquaintedwiththetargetlanguage.Let'stakeYanFuforinstance:WhenYanFu,afamoustranslatorintheQingDynasty,wastranslating"EvolutionandEthicsandotherEssays",thetitleturnedouttobethecrux（症结）thatcausedhimtocudgelhisbrains（绞尽脑汁）dayandnightandlookpaleforit.Hiswifeworriedverymuchrepresentationofthetitleforquitetimeandeventuallyhadittranslatedinto《天演论》whichhassincedeservedhighpraiseuptillno3)Atranslatormustbearmedwithnecessaryprofessionalknowledge.4)Atranslatormustbearmedwiththeabilitytolivehispart.AsfamousplaywriterMaryannpointedout:"atranslatormustenterintothespiritofcharacter(regardhimselfasonethatplaysaroleinaplay).Thatistosay,heseems1.presentattheveryspot.（亲临其境）2.involvedintheveryoccurrence.（亲历其事）3.witnessingtheverypartiesconcerned.（亲睹其人）4.interatingtheveryutterances.（亲道其法）5.experiencingtheveryjoyandannoy.（亲尝其甘，亲领其苦）6.sharingtheverywealandwoe.（亲享其福，亲受其哀）7.partakingofthegleeandgrief.（亲得其乐，亲感其悲）5)Atranslatormustbearmedwiththeexcellentabilityofexpressivenessandvividimagination."Toilingyourselfandendurehardshipforobtainingawell-chosenword"justasthefamouspoetDuFudid"Nevergiveupuntilanamazingpoeticmasterpieceisgained".（“为求一字稳，耐得五更寒”，象诗圣杜甫那样具有“语不惊人死不休”得精神与毅力）III.CriteriaofTranslation翻译的标准Speakingofcriteriaoftranslation,asearlyasintheTangDynasty,thelearnedMonkXuanZhuangdesignedcriteriaoftranslationwithemphasisplacedonaccuracyandgeneralknowledge.IntheQingDynasty,YanFuestablishedathreecharacterstandardintranslation：“信”faithfulness,“达”expressivenessand“雅”elegance,whicharesimilarto"triness"byHerbertRotheinstein（赫伯特·罗森斯坦）。Faithfulness,expressivenessandgracefulnesswhichareconsideredthegoldenrule（金科玉律）inthefieldoftranslation.AftertheMay4thMovement,LuXunproposed:faithfulness“信”andsmoothness“顺”asthecriteriaoftranslation.ShortlyafterthebirthofNewChina,quitealotoftranslatorsputforwardvariouscriteria,suchas“忠实”、“通顺”、“准确”、流畅，重神韵而不是行貌（沈雁冰），“神似”与“形似”（许渊冲）andsoon...Still,somepeoplemadediverseinterpretationstoYanFu'sthree-charactercriteriaoftranslationas:“信”—beingfaithful“达”—beingexplicit“雅”—elegantinwordsWhichisdifferentfromYan'sowndefinition:“信”—达旨（将原文说明）“达”—前后引衬，以显其意“雅”—尔雅（用汉以前字法，句法）IV.MethodsofTranslation翻译的方法IntranslationfromEnglishintoChinese,theprincipalmethodsusedare:1.Literaltranslation(m...