BreakingthroughBureaucracy(突破官僚制)原文及中文翻译第一段Imaginehowgovernmentwouldworkifalmosteveryoperatingdecision-includingthehiringandfiringofindividuals_weremadeonpartisanpoliticalgrounds;ifmanyagenciesspenttheirentireannualappropriationsinthefirstthreemonthsofthefiscalyear;ifappropriationsweremadetoagencieswithoutany-onehavingformulatedaspendingandrevenuebudgetforthejurisdictionasawhole;andifnoagencyorpersonintheexecutivebranchhadauthoritytooverseetheactivitiesofgovernmentagencies.试想一下,要是政府日常运作的所有决策——包括雇用和解雇工作人员——都是在党派政治的基础上作出的,政府将如何开展工作;许多机构都在每个财政年度的前三个月用完整个财政年度的拨款,政府将如何开展工作;要是没有基于整体的司法公正而对收支进行预算之前就把预拨款发放给各个机构,政府将如何开展工作;要是行政部门中没有任何机构或个人有权监督政府机构的活动,政府将如何开展工作。第二段Thisstateofaffairswas,infact,thenormintheunitedstatesinthenineteenthcentury.Thatitsoundssochaoticandback-wardtousisduetothesuccessofearlytwentieth-centuryreformersininfluencingpoliticsandadministrationatthecity,state,andfederallevels.Asaresultoftheirinfluence,mostamericanstakeforgrantedthatadministrativedecisionsshouldbemadeinabusinesslikemanner,thattheexecutivebranchshouldbeorganizedhierarchically,thatmostagencyheadsshouldbeappointedbythechiefexecutive,thattheappropriationsprocessshouldbeginwhenthechiefexecutivesubmitsanover-allbudgettothelegislature,thatmostpositionsshouldbestaffedbyqualifiedpeople,thatmaterialsshouldbepurchasedfromresponsiblevendorsbasedonobjectivecriteria,andthatsystemsoffiscalcontrolandaccountabilityshouldbereliable.实际上,这就是19世纪美国政府所处的状态。这听起来有些混乱、落后,因为20世纪早期改革家们在城市、州和联邦范围内成功地影响了他们的政治和管理。由于他们的影响,大部分美国人理所当然地认为作出行政决定应该像商业事务那样,行政部门应该按等级构成,大部分机构负责人应由行政主管任命,当行政主管向立法机关提交全面的预算时拨款程序就将开始,大部分职位应由合格人选担任,材料应当依照客观标准从负责的供货商那里购买,政府财政控制体系和责任机制应当是可靠的。第三段Thepoliticalmovementsfavoringthisformofbureaucraticgovernmentemergedpartlyinresponsetothesocialproblemscreatedbythetransformationoftheunitedstatesfromanagrarianandhighlydecentralizedsocietytoanurban,industrial,andnationalsociety.Forgovernmenttoaddresssocialproblemsinanefficientmanner,reformerssaidrepeatedly,governmentagenciesneededtobeadministeredmuchlikethebusinessorganizationsthat,atthetime,werebringingabouttheindustrialtransformation.Foramercianssupportingthereformandreorganizationmovements,bureaucracymeantefficiencyandefficiencymeantgoodgovernment.美国在从一个农业性、高度分散性的社会转变成为一个城市化、工业化和全国化的社会的过程中产生了一些社会问题。为了解决这些问题,有些政治运功倾向于建立一个这种形式的官僚政府。为了能够使政府有效地解决社会问题,改革家们反复强调,人们应该像管理商业组织一样管理政府机构。而在那时,正是由于这些商业组织带来了工业转变。对于支持改革和改组的美国人来说,官僚制意味着高效,高效就意味着好的政府。第四段Bureaucraticallymindedreformersalsoplacedahighvalueontheimpersonalexerciseofpublicauthority.Tothisend,theyarguedthatactionsintendedtocontrolothersshouldbebasedontheapplicationofrulesandthatnoactionshouldbetakenwithoutauthorization.Whenofficials’actionscouldnotbefullydeterminedbyapplyingrules,professionalortechnicalexpertisewastobere...