华东师范大学期末试卷“科学的心理学研究与写作”样卷共8题.（科学哲学部分：50分）1.什么是科学？简述亨普尔的回答，以及相应的看法。（4分）2.解释“否定后件的推理”和“肯定后件的谬误”这两个概念。（6分）3.从科学研究过程角度，阐述“归纳”这一推理形式存在的问题。（10分）4.举例说明“检验蕴含”这一概念，以及它与“假设”的关系。（5分）。5.如果需要你确证一个假设，那么：1）在证据层面上，有何要求？2）从检验蕴含角度，又可做些什么？3）在理论层面上，可以做些什么？举例说明（20分）6•阐述“演绎■定律论解释”这一概念。举例说明（5分）（文献阅读:50分）7.划出下文摘要中的新说法、以及支持该说法的实验证据。同时，简述该新说法在已有研究基础上，有何进展。（10分）apsPSYCHOLOGICALSCIENCETheExposureAdvantage:EarlyExposuretoaMultilingualEnvironmentPromotesEffectiveCommunication00SamanthaP.Fan,ZoeLiberman,BoazKeysar,andKatherineD.KinzlerUniversityofChicagoAbstractEarlyIanguageexposureisessentialtodevelopingaformallanguagesystem,butmaynotbesufficientforcommunicatingeffectively.Tounderstandaspeaker'sintention,onemusttakethespeaker'sperspective.Multilingualexposuremaypromoteeffectivecommunicationbyenhancingperspectivetaking.Wetestedchildrenonataskthatrequiredperspectivetakingtointerpretaspeaker'sintendedmeaning.Monolingualchildrenfailedtointerpretthespeaker'smeaningdramaticallymoreoftenthanbothbilingualchildrenandchildrenwhowereexposedtoamultilingualenvironmentbutwerenotbilingualthemselves.ChildrenwhoweremerelyexposedtoasecondIanguageperformedaswellasbilingualchildren,despitehavinglowerexecutive-functionscores.Thus,thecommunicativeadvantagesdemonstratedbythebilingualsmaybesocialinorigin,andnotduetoenhancedexecutivecontrol.Formillennia,multilingualexposurehasbeenthenorm.Ourstudyshowsthatsuchanenvironmentmayfacilitatethedevelopmentofperspective-takingtoolsthatarecriticalforeffectivecommunication.8.下文是一篇文献的引言部分。请阐述该研究所针对的理论问题？对该问题，作者是如何思考的？通过该思考，作者作出的研究假设和检验蕴涵是什么？同时，根据摘要和引言，写一篇关于此文献的新闻报道（40分，见下两页）ResearchReportPsychologicalScience1-8©HieAutliorts)2015Reprintsandpermissions：sagcpub.convioumalsPcnnissions.navDOL10.1177/09567976!SS-1699pss.sagcpub.com◎SAGEPwychoiogtcalSdenceOnlneFIrstpuMlshedonMay2G.2015asdot10.1177«»5€797G1557847GapsmVMUMHMLfnMERootsandBenefitsofCostlyGiving：ChildrenWhoAreMoreAltruisticHaveGreaterAutonomicFlexibilityandLessFamilyWealthJonasG.Miller,SarahKahle,andPaulD・Hastingsl：rtfversltyatCahromfa.iHvisAbstractAltruism,althoughcostly,nuypromotewell-beingforpeoplewhogive.Costlygivingbyadultshasreceivedconsiderableattention,butlessisknownaboutthepossiblebenefits,aswellasbiologicalandmnvironmentalcorrelates,ofaltruisminearlychildhood.Inthecurrentstudy,wcpresentevidencethatchildrenwhoforgoself-gaintohelpotherpeopleshowgreatervagalrtexibilityandhighersubsequentvagaltonethanchikircnwhodonot,andchikkcnfromlesswealthyfamiliesbehavemoreaMruislicallythanthosefromwealthierfamilies.Theseresultssuggestthat(a)altmismshoukibeviewedthroughabiopsychosociallens,(b)theinfluenceofprivilegedcontextsonchikiicnswillingnesstomakepersonalsacrificesforothersemergesearly,and(c)altruismandhealthyvagalFunctioningmaysharereciprocalrelationsinchildhood.Whenchildrenhelpothersalacosttothemselves,theycouldbeplayinganactiveroleinpromodngtheirownwell-beingaswellasthewell-beingofothers.Keywordsaltruism,socioeconomicstatus,chi...